Some excellent scholars claimed that the Odes were originally Jewish but later edited by a Christian (especially Harnack) or Jewish-Christian as now extant (Harris and Mingana). Some specialists were convinced the Odes should be declared to be Gnostic (Gunkel and Rudolph). Most scholars contend that they are Christian (Charlesworth and Emerton). Strictly speaking, the labels “Jewish,” “Gnostic,” and “Christian” are ill-suited to this early Christian hymnbook attributed
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